按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！
基本权利，则授权法院可以撤销以此方式得到保护的权利的
任何立法或是政府活动。
2。strict scrutiny（第243 页第1 段第4 行）：
严格审查。指法院在审｝ a1 疑分类（suspect r｝assification）
如种族等是否违反平等法律保护条款（Equal Protection Glaus
e），以及在正当法律程序分析中对政府行为是否侵犯诸如投票
… 186 – 网罗论坛＇txtnovel。bbs。topzj＇制作：寒寒
… 页面 190…
法律英语学习参考书何家弘主编
权等公民基本权利时，用以评价政府行为合宪性的标准。〃St
rict Scrutiny ”一词由美国联邦最高法院大法官威廉·道格拉
斯（William Douglas）于1942 年在一起案件中首次使用。尽管
先前对该标准多有分歧，但今年来美国联邦最高法院对其表
达渐趋一致。该标准要求被诉政府行为必须为实现“紧迫性”
（pelling）政府利益所必需｛necessary）。
3。holding（第243 页第5 段第3 行）：
裁决。法庭就对其判决来说属关键性的法律问题所做出
的裁决，也指法官就庭审中提出的证据或其他问题所做出的
裁决。
4。if that person has minor issue who were not in his c
ustody and whom he was required to support（第244 页第4
段第5 行）：
in one's custody 受某人的监披，这里是指此人有未成年
人的（抚养）问题，他虽然不是该未成年人的监护人，但是却被
（法院判决）需要承担抚养义务。
5urt order or judgment（第145 页第1 段第1 行）：
法庭命令或判决。order 是指法庭或是法官的书面命令或
是指示，既包括最终的判决也可是指诉讼程序中对某些问题
做出的裁决；而judgment 是指法庭对案件各方当事人的权利和
义务是否承担责任问题做出的最后判决，在诉讼实践中，包
括衡平法的判决—decree 与可以上诉的命令或是裁定一rder 。
一般而言，order 主要是对诉讼过程中所产生的次要的或是附
属的问题所作的决定，是对诉讼过程中的某些初步问题做出
的裁决，或是为了推动诉讼的进行而对其中的某个步骤做出
的决定，比如在诉讼过程中对诉讼人提出的诉讼申请（ motio
n ）所做出的决定就是order，举例来说，是否同意被告要求法
庭驳回原告起诉的申请就是一个order 而不是judgmenta
二、练习问题的参考答案
1 。
What is the relationship between the right to privacy
… 187 – 网罗论坛＇txtnovel。bbs。topzj＇制作：寒寒
… 页面 191…
法律英语学习参考书何家弘主编
and the right to freedom of choice in marriage and family
relationships？
The latter lies at the heart of the former。
2，What did the court rule in｝Lvving v。 Virginia？
The court held unconstitutional a statute prohibiti
ng interracial marriage。
3 。What did the court hold in vddie v。 Connecticut？
The Court held invalid a statute making the payment o
f court costs a prerequisite to obtaining access to state cour
ts； as applied to persons seeking a divorce who were unab
le to pay such costs。
4。 What was the Court's decision in oddie predicated
upon？
The Court's decision was predicated upon the fundamen
tal nature of the right to marry or dissolve that relationship；
as well as the monopoly held by the states over the mean
s of dissolution。
5。What was the case of Califano v。 yohst about？
The case was about whether it violated the equal prote
ction guarantee that a disabled person's benefits are terminat
ed； who received benefits as a disabled dependent child of
a deceased wage earner covered by the Act；when that perso
n married someone who was not receiving Social Security b
enefits。
6。What was the Court's opinion in C；alifano'？
The opinion by Justice Stevens for a unanimous Court
found the traditional rational relationship test applicable。
7。 What was the difficulty to the justices in Zanlocki v。
Redhail？
The difficulty was in deciding why the law viol
ated the equal protection clause。
8。 What were the majority opinions in 2ablocki？
The majority opinion was that the permission to marry
statute in ablncki was invalid。 Although it was somewhat
… 188 – 网罗论坛＇txtnovel。bbs。topzj＇制作：寒寒
… 页面 192…
法律英语学习参考书何家弘主编
unclear as to the nature of the right to marriage and the sta
ndard of review used in the decision； it seems to continue t
o recognize marriage as a fundamental right。
9。 What were the concurring opinions in ｝ahlocki'？
Justice Powell concurred in the judgment although he f
elt the majority opinion swept too broadly； and Justice Stew
art concurred the judgment with the reason that the law wa
s not a reasonable means of furthering important state intere
sts。
10 。What were the dissenting opinions in Zablocki？
duly Justice Rehnquist would have upheld the law in Z
ahlocko。 He consistently has taken the position that he Cour
t should only determine whether laws which da not touch u
pon explicit constitutional guarantees hear some rational rela
tionship to legitimate governmental interest。
三、相关知识
在美国，家庭法是调整夫妻关系、父母子女关系的各种
法律规范和司法判例的总和。它涉及的范畴包括：婚姻的实质
与形式；未婚同居；婚姻中的夫妻相互扶持；婚姻中的财产权、
姓名权以及侵权和犯罪行为；配偶的平等权；人工授精、胚胎移
植；收养、遗弃、监护；家庭律师、家庭法院以及调解、仲裁；
离婚的经济后果和财产分配；分居协议等问题。
婚姻家庭关系主要由各州行使立法权和司法权，由各州
的法律进行调整。联邦政府虽然无权在这一领域制定法�