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反对有效。在此处，所谓的sustain an action 是指法院受理诉
讼。
3。 cause of action 〔第96 页第3 段第12 行）：
诉因，诉讼理由。是指原告起诉的根据。具体指原告起
诉寻求司法救济所依据的事实，如侵权行为和损害后果等，
有时候也可以指依据这些事实所提起的诉讼的一部分。
二、练习问题的参考答案
l 。What is the mon form of racial discrimination in
the workplace？
The mon form of racial discrimination in the work
place is the discrimination by and against members of
different races or ethnic backgrounds
2 。What is the case Walker v。 IRS about？
The case is about a discrimination claim by a light…sk
inned black employee against her dark…skinned black supervi
sor under title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1954。
3 。What are the main facts in the case？
The main facts are that： Tracy Walker； a light…skinned
black woman； worked as a clerk typist in the predominantly
black Atlanta office of the internal Revenue Service。 In
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法律英语学习参考书何家弘主编
November 1985，Walker's supervisor wasreplaced by Ruby
Lewis； a dark…skinned black woman。 Ixwis often
reprimanded Walker for matters that were either 〃false yr in
substantial〃and subjected her to：，“close scrutiny”not e
xtended to her fellow employees。 Walker met with t
he Equal Employment Office program manager for the
Atlanta district of the IRS in an attempt to air her grievan
ces。 'rwo weeks later； she was discharged un Lew
is’ remenda tivn。
4。 What were Tracy Walker's claims？
She claimed that Lewis was 〃prejudiced against light…co
lored skinned blacks〃 and toad subjected her ！o“invidious di
scrimination”before her termination。
5。 What was the magistrate's remended ruling？
The magistrate remended granting the defenda
nt's summary judgment motion on Walker's invidious discri
mination claim and denying the defendant's summary judgm
ent motion an her retaliation claim。
6。 What did the district court do on appeal？
do appeal； the district court denied both summary judg
ment motions…
7。 What were the key issues in the case？
The key issues in the case are whether rvlc｝r； in additi
on to race，may form the basis of a discrimination action u
nder title VII； and whether a suit based on color may he b
rought by one 6iaek person against another。
8。 Why did the Walker court cite the Supreme Court's
decision in St。 Francis College ｝_ A！…I4hazraji？
The Walker court interpreted title VIPs specific referenc
e to both 〃race〃 and 〃color〃 as clear indications of congress
ional intent to establish the two terms as distinct elements i
n a title VII claim。 To support this interpretation； the Walk
er court cited the Supreme Court's decision。
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法律英语学习参考书何家弘主编
9 。What was the court's ruling in Walker case：'
The court concluded that“race”and“color”are by no
means synonymous for purpose of title VII coverage and th
at subgroups may exist among blacks as a race。 It held that
Walker had stated a cause of action for invidious discrimin
ation under title VII
10。What effeet s of Wall｝er would be nn future black l
itigants in Civil Rightrases？
Walker's legacy may〃 prare to be a double…edged sward
for future black litigants。 While the court's broad interpreta
tion of title VII may present itself as a boon for blacks wh
o experience intra…racial discrimination； it may also prove a
bane for those who suffer from the more pervasive proble
m of institntinnal racism。
三、相关知识
民权，也即公民权，通常有广义和狭义两种解释：广义解
释是指宪法规定的公民权利的总称；狭义解释是指公民的政治
权利。在美国，人们谈到公民权时，通常指对黑人及其他少
数民族的平等待遇。
美国宪法设置的公民权利，主要规定在《权利法案》中，
国会或州政府不能加以变更：此外，各州宪法也规定有公民权
利，州议会不能加以变更。美国宪法和各州宪法所规定的公
民权利，不尽相同。作为美国公民，除享有美国公民的权利
和自由外，尚有根据各州宪法及法律，享有仅属于各该州公
民的权利。州宪法主张的公民权利，有的是基于联邦宪法的
规定，有的是基于各该州宪法的规定，有的是由于缺乏对政
府明文规定或默示授权的结果。下文结合美国宪法的有关规
定，简要介绍美国公民的个人权利，并重点介绍平等权的内
容：
（一） 《权利法案》和公民的个人权利
1787 年在费城起草的美国宪法，没有明确保障个人的权
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法律英语学习参考书何家弘主编
利。1789 年，为限制联邦政府权力的无限扩张、防止联邦政
府干涉和剥夺美国人民的自山，美国宪法补充了10条修正案，
统一称为《权利法案》。从此，由宪法所支撑的美国变成了一
个设了精巧的结构—政府和人民时时处于互相制约的状态之
中，有力地保障了美国的稳定：政府时时处丁强有力的监督之
下，它就不容易在错误的道路上走得太远，甚至发生大滑坡；
同时，人民有了充分的自由，有了表达意�